NEWS for Ruby 3.2.0¶ ↑
This document is a list of user-visible feature changes since the 3.1.0 release, except for bug fixes.
Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
Language changes¶ ↑
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Anonymous rest and keyword rest arguments can now be passed as arguments, instead of just used in method parameters. [Feature #18351]
def foo(*) bar(*) end def baz(**) quux(**) end
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A proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords will no longer autosplat. [Bug #18633]
proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2]) # Ruby 3.1 and before # => 1 # Ruby 3.2 and after # => [1, 2]
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Constant assignment evaluation order for constants set on explicit objects has been made consistent with single attribute assignment evaluation order. With this code:
foo::BAR = baz
foois now called beforebaz. Similarly, for multiple assignments to constants, left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this code:foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
The following evaluation order is now used:
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foo1 -
foo2 -
baz1 -
baz2
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"Find pattern" is no longer experimental. [Feature #18585]
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Methods taking a rest parameter (like
*args) and wishing to delegate keyword arguments throughfoo(*args)must now be marked withruby2_keywords(if not already the case). In other words, all methods wishing to delegate keyword arguments through*argsmust now be marked withruby2_keywords, with no exception. This will make it easier to transition to other ways of delegation once a library can require Ruby 3+. Previously, theruby2_keywordsflag was kept if the receiving method took*args, but this was a bug and an inconsistency. A good technique to find the potentially-missingruby2_keywordsis to run the test suite, for where it fails find the last method which must receive keyword arguments, useputs nil, caller, nilthere, and check each method/block on the call chain which must delegate keywords is correctly marked asruby2_keywords. [Bug #18625] [Bug #16466]def target(**kw) end # Accidentally worked without ruby2_keywords in Ruby 2.7-3.1, ruby2_keywords # needed in 3.2+. Just like (*args, **kwargs) or (...) would be needed on # both #foo and #bar when migrating away from ruby2_keywords. ruby2_keywords def bar(*args) target(*args) end ruby2_keywords def foo(*args) bar(*args) end foo(k: 1)
Core classes updates¶ ↑
Note: We’re only listing outstanding class updates.
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Introduce
Fiber.[]andFiber.[]=for inheritable fiber storage. IntroduceFiber#storageandFiber#storage=(experimental) for getting and resetting the current storage. IntroduceFiber.new(storage:)for setting the storage when creating a fiber. [Feature #19078]Existing
ThreadandFiberlocal variables can be tricky to use. Thread-local variables are shared between all fibers, making it hard to isolate, while Fiber-local variables can be hard to share. It is often desirable to define unit of execution ("execution context") such that some state is shared between all fibers and threads created in that context. This is whatFiberstorage provides.def log(message) puts "#{Fiber[:request_id]}: #{message}" end def handle_requests while request = read_request Fiber.schedule do Fiber[:request_id] = SecureRandom.uuid request.messages.each do |message| Fiber.schedule do log("Handling #{message}") # Log includes inherited request_id. end end end end end
You should generally consider
Fiberstorage for any state which you want to be shared implicitly between all fibers and threads created in a given context, e.g. a connection pool, a request id, a logger level, environment variables, configuration, etc.
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Introduce
Fiber::Scheduler#io_selectfor non-blockingIO.select. [Feature #19060]
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Introduce
IO#timeout=andIO#timeoutwhich can causeIO::TimeoutErrorto be raised if a blocking operation exceeds the specified timeout. [Feature #18630]STDIN.timeout = 1 STDIN.read # => Blocking operation timed out! (IO::TimeoutError)
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Introduce
IO.new(..., path:)and promoteFile#pathtoIO#path. [Feature #19036]
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Class#attached_object, which returns the object for which the receiver is the singleton class. RaisesTypeErrorif the receiver is not a singleton class. [Feature #12084]class Foo; end Foo.singleton_class.attached_object #=> Foo Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370> Foo.attached_object #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class nil.singleton_class.attached_object #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
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New core class to represent simple immutable value object. The class is similar to
Structand partially shares an implementation, but has more lean and strict API. [Feature #16122]Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit) distance = Measure.new(100, 'km') #=> #<data Measure amount=100, unit="km"> weight = Measure.new(amount: 50, unit: 'kg') #=> #<data Measure amount=50, unit="kg"> weight.with(amount: 40) #=> #<data Measure amount=40, unit="kg"> weight.amount #=> 50 weight.amount = 40 #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `amount='
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Encoding#replicatehas been deprecated and will be removed in 3.3. [Feature #18949] -
The dummy
Encoding::UTF_16andEncoding::UTF_32encodings no longer try to dynamically guess the endian based on a byte order mark. UseEncoding::UTF_16BE/UTF_16LEandEncoding::UTF_32BE/UTF_32LEinstead. This change speeds up getting the encoding of aString. [Feature #18949] -
Limit maximum encoding set size by 256. If exceeding maximum size,
EncodingErrorwill be raised. [Feature #18949]
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Enumerator.producthas been added.Enumerator::Productis the implementation. [Feature #18685]
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Exception#detailed_messagehas been added. The default error printer calls this method on theExceptionobject instead of message. [Feature #18564]
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Hash#shiftnow always returns nil if the hash is empty, instead of returning the default value or calling the default proc. [Bug #16908]
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Integer#ceildivhas been added. [Feature #18809]
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Kernel#bindingraisesRuntimeErrorif called from a non-Ruby frame (such as a method defined in C). [Bug #18487]
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MatchData#byteoffsethas been added. [Feature #13110] -
MatchData#deconstructhas been added. [Feature #18821] -
MatchData#deconstruct_keyshas been added. [Feature #18821]
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Module.used_refinementshas been added. [Feature #14332] -
Module#refinementshas been added. [Feature #12737] -
Module#const_addedhas been added. [Feature #17881] -
Module#undefined_instance_methodshas been added. [Feature #12655]
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Proc#dupreturns an instance of subclass. [Bug #17545] -
Proc#parametersnow accepts lambda keyword. [Feature #15357]
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Added
RLIMIT_NPTSconstant to FreeBSD platform
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The cache-based optimization is introduced. Many (but not all)
Regexpmatching is now in linear time, which will prevent regular expression denial of service (ReDoS) vulnerability. [Feature #19104] -
Regexp.linear_time?is introduced. [Feature #19194] -
Regexp.newnow supports passing the regexp flags not only as anInteger, but also as aString. Unknown flags raiseArgumentError. Otherwise, anything other thantrue,false,nilorIntegerwill be warned. [Feature #18788] -
Regexp.timeout=has been added. Also,Regexp.newnew supports timeout keyword. See [Feature #17837]
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Refinement#refined_classhas been added. [Feature #12737]
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Add
error_tolerantoption forparse,parse_fileandof. [Feature #19013] With this option-
SyntaxErroris suppressed -
AST is returned for invalid input
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endis complemented when a parser reaches to the end of input butendis insufficient -
endis treated as keyword based on indent
# Without error_tolerant option root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY) def m a = 10 if end RUBY # => <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected `end' (SyntaxError) # With error_tolerant option root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) def m a = 10 if end RUBY p root # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-4:3> # `end` is treated as keyword based on indent root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true) module Z class Foo foo. end def bar end end RUBY p root.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-2..-1] # => [#<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:CLASS@2:2-4:5>, #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:DEFN@6:2-7:5>]
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Add
keep_tokensoption forparse,parse_fileandof. Add#tokensand#all_tokensforRubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node[Feature #19070]root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true) root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...] root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
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Setis now available as a built-in class without the need forrequire "set". [Feature #16989] It is currently autoloaded via theSetconstant or a call toEnumerable#to_set.
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String#byteindexandString#byterindexhave been added. [Feature #13110] -
Update Unicode to Version 15.0.0 and Emoji Version 15.0. [Feature #18639] (also applies to
Regexp) -
String#bytesplicehas been added. [Feature #18598] -
String#deduphas been added as an alias toString#-@. [Feature #18595]
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A
Structclass can also be initialized with keyword arguments withoutkeyword_init: trueonStruct.new[Feature #16806]Post = Struct.new(:id, :name) Post.new(1, "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello"> # From Ruby 3.2, the following code also works without keyword_init: true. Post.new(id: 1, name: "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
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Thread.each_caller_locationis added. [Feature #16663]
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Thread::Queue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18774]
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Thread::SizedQueue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18774] -
Thread::SizedQueue#push(timeout: sec) is added. [Feature #18944]
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Time#deconstruct_keysis added, allowing to useTimeinstances in pattern-matching expressions [Feature #19071] -
Time.newnow can parse a string like generated byTime#inspectand return aTimeinstance based on the given argument. [Feature #18033]
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SyntaxError#pathhas been added. [Feature #19138]
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TracePoint#bindingnow returnsnilforc_call/c_returnTracePoints. [Bug #18487] -
TracePoint#enabletarget_threadkeyword argument now defaults to the current thread if a block is given andtargetandtarget_linekeyword arguments are not passed. [Bug #16889]
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UnboundMethod#==returnstrueif the actual method is same. For example,String.instance_method(:object_id) == Array.instance_method(:object_id)returnstrue. [Feature #18798] -
UnboundMethod#inspectdoes not show the receiver ofinstance_method. For exampleString.instance_method(:object_id).inspectreturns"#<UnboundMethod: Kernel#object_id()>"(was"#<UnboundMethod: String(Kernel)#object_id()>").
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Expose
need_major_gcviaGC.latest_gc_info. GH-6791
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ObjectSpace.dump_alldump shapes as well. GH-6868
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Stdlib updates¶ ↑
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Bundlernow uses PubGrub resolver instead of Molinillo for performance improvement. -
Add --ext=rust support to bundle gem for creating simple gems with Rust extensions. [GH-rubygems-6149]
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Make cloning git repos faster [GH-rubygems-4475]
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RubyGems
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Add mswin support for cargo builder. [GH-rubygems-6167]
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CGI.escapeURIComponentandCGI.unescapeURIComponentare added. [Feature #18822]
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Coverage.setupnow acceptseval: true. By this,evaland related methods are able to generate code coverage. [Feature #19008] -
Coverage.supported?(mode)enables detection of what coverage modes are supported. [Feature #19026]
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Added
Date#deconstruct_keysandDateTime#deconstruct_keyssame as [Feature #19071]
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ERB::Util.html_escapeis made faster thanCGI.escapeHTML. -
ERB::Util.url_encodeis made faster usingCGI.escapeURIComponent. -
-Soption is removed fromerbcommand.
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Add
FileUtils.ln_srmethod andrelative:option toFileUtils.ln_s. [Feature #18925]
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debug.gem integration commands have been added:
debug,break,catch,next,delete,step,continue,finish,backtrace,info-
They work even if you don't have
gem "debug"in your Gemfile. -
See also: What's new in Ruby 3.2's IRB?
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More Pry-like commands and features have been added.
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editandshow_cmds(like Pry’shelp) are added. -
lstakes-gor-Goption to filter out outputs. -
show_sourceis aliased from$and accepts unquoted inputs. -
whereamiis aliased from@.
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Net::Protocol
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Improve
Net::BufferedIOperformance. [GH-net-protocol-14]
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Added
Pathname#lutime. [GH-pathname-20]
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Added the following constants for supported platforms.
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SO_INCOMING_CPU -
SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID -
SO_RTABLE -
SO_SETFIB -
SO_USER_COOKIE -
TCP_KEEPALIVE -
TCP_CONNECTION_INFO
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The feature of
syntax_suggestformerlydead_endis integrated in Ruby. [Feature #18159]
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Add support for
UNIXSocketon Windows. Emulate anonymous sockets. Add support forFile.socket?andFile::Stat#socket?where possible. [Feature #19135]
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The following default gems are updated.
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RubyGems 3.4.1
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abbrev 0.1.1
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benchmark 0.2.1
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bigdecimal 3.1.3
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bundler 2.4.1
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cgi 0.3.6
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csv 3.2.6
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date 3.3.3
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delegate 0.3.0
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did_you_mean 1.6.3
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digest 3.1.1
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drb 2.1.1
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english 0.7.2
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erb 4.0.2
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error_highlight 0.5.1
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etc 1.4.2
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fcntl 1.0.2
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fiddle 1.1.1
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fileutils 1.7.0
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forwardable 1.3.3
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getoptlong 0.2.0
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io-console 0.6.0
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io-nonblock 0.2.0
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io-wait 0.3.0
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ipaddr 1.2.5
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irb 1.6.2
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json 2.6.3
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logger 1.5.3
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mutex_m 0.1.2
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net-http 0.4.0
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net-protocol 0.2.1
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nkf 0.1.2
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open-uri 0.3.0
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open3 0.1.2
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openssl 3.1.0
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optparse 0.3.1
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ostruct 0.5.5
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pathname 0.2.1
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pp 0.4.0
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pstore 0.1.2
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psych 5.0.1
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racc 1.6.2
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rdoc 6.5.0
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readline-ext 0.1.5
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reline 0.3.2
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resolv 0.2.2
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resolv-replace 0.1.1
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securerandom 0.2.2
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set 1.0.3
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stringio 3.0.4
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strscan 3.0.5
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syntax_suggest 1.0.2
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syslog 0.1.1
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tempfile 0.1.3
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time 0.2.1
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timeout 0.3.1
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tmpdir 0.1.3
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tsort 0.1.1
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un 0.2.1
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uri 0.12.0
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weakref 0.1.2
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win32ole 1.8.9
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yaml 0.2.1
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zlib 3.0.0
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The following bundled gems are updated.
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minitest 5.16.3
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power_assert 2.0.3
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test-unit 3.5.7
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net-ftp 0.2.0
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net-imap 0.3.4
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net-pop 0.1.2
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net-smtp 0.3.3
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rbs 2.8.2
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typeprof 0.21.3
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debug 1.7.1
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See GitHub releases like GitHub Releases of Logger or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
Supported platforms¶ ↑
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WebAssembly/WASI is added. See wasm/README.md and ruby.wasm for more details. [Feature #18462]
Compatibility issues¶ ↑
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String#to_ccurrently treat a sequence of underscores as an end ofComplexstring. [Bug #19087] -
Now
ENV.cloneraisesTypeErroras well asENV.dup[Bug #17767]
Removed constants¶ ↑
The following deprecated constants are removed.
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FixnumandBignum[Feature #12005] -
Random::DEFAULT[Feature #17351] -
Struct::Group -
Struct::Passwd
Removed methods¶ ↑
The following deprecated methods are removed.
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Dir.exists?[Feature #17391] -
File.exists?[Feature #17391] -
Kernel#=~[Feature #15231] -
Kernel#taint,Kernel#untaint,Kernel#tainted?[Feature #16131] -
Kernel#trust,Kernel#untrust,Kernel#untrusted?[Feature #16131] -
Method#public?,Method#private?,Method#protected?,UnboundMethod#public?,UnboundMethod#private?,UnboundMethod#protected?[Bug #18729] [Bug #18751] [Bug #18435]
Source code incompatibility of extension libraries¶ ↑
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Extension libraries provide PRNG, subclasses of
Random, need updates. See [PRNG update] below for more information. [Bug #19100]
Error printer¶ ↑
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Ruby no longer escapes control characters and backslashes in an error message. [Feature #18367]
Constant lookup when defining a class/module¶ ↑
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When defining a class/module directly under the
Objectclass by class/module statement, if there is already a class/module defined byModule#includewith the same name, the statement was handled as “open class” in Ruby 3.1 or before. Since Ruby 3.2, a new class is defined instead. [Feature #18832]
Stdlib compatibility issues¶ ↑
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Psychno longer bundles libyaml sources. And alsoFiddleno longer bundles libffi sources. Users need to install the libyaml/libffi library themselves via the package manager like apt, yum, brew, etc.Psychand fiddle supported the static build with specific version of libyaml and libffi sources. You can build psych with libyaml-0.2.5 like this.$ ./configure --with-libyaml-source-dir=/path/to/libyaml-0.2.5
And you can build fiddle with libffi-3.4.4 like this.
$ ./configure --with-libffi-source-dir=/path/to/libffi-3.4.4
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Check cookie name/path/domain characters in
CGI::Cookie. [CVE-2021-33621] -
URI.parsereturn empty string in host instead of nil. [sec-156615]
C API updates¶ ↑
Updated C APIs¶ ↑
The following APIs are updated.
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PRNG update
rb_random_interface_tin ruby/random.h updated and versioned. Extension libraries which use this interface and built for older versions need to rebuild with addinginit_int32function.
Added C APIs¶ ↑
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VALUE rb_hash_new_capa(long capa)was added to created hashes with the desired capacity. -
rb_internal_thread_add_event_hookandrb_internal_thread_add_event_hookwere added to instrument threads scheduling. The following events are available:-
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_STARTED -
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_READY -
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED -
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_SUSPENDED -
RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_EXITED
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rb_debug_inspector_current_depthandrb_debug_inspector_frame_depthare added for debuggers.
Removed C APIs¶ ↑
The following deprecated APIs are removed.
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rb_cDatavariable. -
“taintedness” and “trustedness” functions. [Feature #16131]
Implementation improvements¶ ↑
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Fixed several race conditions in
Kernel#autoload. [Bug #18782] -
Cache invalidation for expressions referencing constants is now more fine-grained.
RubyVM.stat(:global_constant_state)was removed because it was closely tied to the previous caching scheme where setting any constant invalidates all caches in the system. New keys,:constant_cache_invalidationsand:constant_cache_misses, were introduced to help with use cases for:global_constant_state. [Feature #18589] -
The cache-based optimization for
Regexpmatching is introduced. [Feature #19104] -
Variable Width Allocation is now enabled by default. [Feature #18239]
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Added a new instance variable caching mechanism, called object shapes, which improves inline cache hits for most objects and allows us to generate very efficient JIT code. Objects whose instance variables are defined in a consistent order will see the most performance benefits. [Feature #18776]
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Speed up marking instruction sequences by using a bitmap to find “markable” objects. This change results in faster major collections. [Feature #18875]
JIT¶ ↑
YJIT¶ ↑
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YJIT is no longer experimental
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Has been tested on production workloads for over a year and proven to be quite stable.
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YJIT now supports both x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs on Linux, MacOS, BSD and other UNIX platforms.
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This release brings support for Mac M1/M2, AWS Graviton and Raspberry Pi 4.
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Building YJIT now requires Rust 1.58.0+. [Feature #18481]
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In order to ensure that CRuby is built with YJIT, please install
rustc>= 1.58.0 before running./configure -
Please reach out to the YJIT team should you run into any issues.
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Physical memory for JIT code is lazily allocated. Unlike Ruby 3.1, the RSS of a Ruby process is minimized because virtual memory pages allocated by
--yjit-exec-mem-sizewill not be mapped to physical memory pages until actually utilized by JIT code. -
Introduce Code
GCthat frees all code pages when the memory consumption by JIT code reaches--yjit-exec-mem-size.-
RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_statsreturns CodeGCmetrics in addition to existinginline_code_sizeandoutlined_code_sizekeys:code_gc_count,live_page_count,freed_page_count, andfreed_code_size.
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Most of the statistics produced by
RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_statsare now available in release builds.-
Simply run ruby with
--yjit-statsto compute and dump stats (incurs some run-time overhead).
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YJIT is now optimized to take advantage of object shapes. [Feature #18776]
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Take advantage of finer-grained constant invalidation to invalidate less code when defining new constants. [Feature #18589]
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The default
--yjit-exec-mem-sizeis changed to 64 (MiB). -
The default
--yjit-call-thresholdis changed to 30.
MJIT¶ ↑
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The MJIT compiler is re-implemented in Ruby as
ruby_vm/mjit/compiler. -
MJIT compiler is executed under a forked Ruby process instead of doing it in a native thread called MJIT worker. [Feature #18968]
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As a result, Microsoft Visual Studio (MSWIN) is no longer supported.
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MinGW is no longer supported. [Feature #18824]
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Rename
--mjit-min-callsto--mjit-call-threshold. -
Change default
--mjit-max-cacheback from 10000 to 100.